For a town built on the swamps of the Potomac River, Washington has evolved not only into a center for international politics, but also into a charming, world-class city dedicated to history and culture. Almost all of its wide avenues and gleaming white buildings have a story to tell.
A major factor in the evolution of Washington, D.C., was air-conditioning. Without that modern convenience, government would not have become a full-time, year-round occupation—at least not in this city, which was built on swampland in the center of the original American colonies. George Washington chose the site and talked some landowners into donating it to the new government. He and the other founders thought the capital should exist as a separate entity, distinct from the interests of any individual U.S. state. So it was not made—and has not become—a state.
Not until after the Civil War did Washington come into its own, capable of meeting its promise as a symbol of the country's best hopes. Politicians became more eager to go to Washington, and so did intellectuals, artists and African Americans seeking a tolerant atmosphere (though blacks often found themselves treated as harshly in the District of Columbia as they were in segregationist states).
The fact that Washington, D.C., has never been granted statehood is a bone of contention, especially for the nearly 600,000 people who live within its borders. Washingtonians can vote for president and vice president of the U.S., but they have no representation in the Senate and only one nonvoting member in the House of Representatives. Congress must approve the city's budget and has veto power over any laws it passes. Because Washingtonians pay federal taxes, the phrase Taxation Without Representation is sometimes seen on license plates in protest. In the 20th century, Washington residents were given something called "home rule," meaning that they may elect a mayor and city council, but their government is still subject to oversight by the U.S. Congress.
Most visitors will not see signs of the city's internal troubles: The streets may be potholed, but the taxis are relatively inexpensive, the subways run on time, and many of the sights and monuments are administered by the federal government and operate efficiently, as a rule.
