Mexico Travel Security

Every year, hundreds of thousands of travelers visit Mexico--especially the high-profile tourist destinations of Cancun, Cozumel and Los Cabos, and the business center of Mexico City--without incident. However, a high crime rate and changing socio-economic conditions require caution on the part of travelers, which is the reason its risk rating has been set at 6.

The August 2008 execution in Texas of convicted murderer Jose Medellin sparked international protest and has raised concerns about possible retaliation against U.S. nationals detained in Mexico. Medellin, one of three men sentenced to death for the 1993 rape and murder of two teenage girls in Houston, appealed his the conviction on the ground that he had been denied access to the Mexican Consulate when he was arrested. Both the U.N. and the International Court of Justice attempted to intervene on his behalf, but the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that individual states are not bound by orders issued by the ICJ. Reaction in Mexico so far has been muted, but to be safe, you shoud be careful to abide by local laws and avoid any activity that might draw particular attention from local law enforcement.

High-risk Areas

Exercise caution in northern areas along the border with the U.S., where a violent campaign between criminal organizations struggling for control of the lucrative narcotics trade is raging. The violence particularly affects the cities of Nuevo Laredo, Ciudad Juarez, Tijuana, Nogales, Reynosa and Matamoros. Other high-risk areas include Mexico City, Baja, Chihuahua and beach and tourist resorts. However, it has been known to spill over into areas normally regarded as safer.

Drug-related violence also is a problem in Sinaloa, especially Culiacan, and in the state of Tamaulipas.

Mexico experienced full democracy for the first time in 2000, when 71 years of one-party rule by the Institutional Revolutionary Party were ended by the electoral victory of Vicente Fox of the center-right National Action Party. Fox left office with a mixed record--he had difficulty pushing economic reforms through the opposition-dominated legislature, and his proposed reforms at times sparked major protests in Mexico City.

The presidential election of July 2006 was bitterly fought and ended with a neck-and-neck finish. After a recount of votes, Felipe Calderon, also of PAN, was declared the winner, having edged out Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador of the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution. Obrador challenged the result with mass street protests and calls for recounts, but the federal electoral tribunal confirmed Calderon's win and he took up office in December 2006. No party won an absolute majority in the legislative elections.

Despite his weak mandate and a slew of problems early on, Calderon vowed to tackle violent crime, tax evasion and corruption and pledged to create jobs, in an effort to stem outward migration, and to pursue major infrastructure projects, including roads, airports, bridges and dams.

The high level of violence stemming from organized crime represents a serious challenge to Mexico's deficient security forces. Calderon's authority is dependent on his ability to achieve improvements in this area. He dispatched thousands of troops to combat feuding drug cartels but has warned that the fight against drug gangs will take longer than his six-year term in office.

The U.S. and Mexico have long sniped at each other's perceived failures in the anti-drug effort but, in late June 2008, in a fresh atmosphere of cooperation, the U.S. Congress approved a massive anti-drug aid package of equipment, systems and training for Mexico. The aid package, known as the Merida Initiative, removed earlier restrictions that would have required Mexico to change the way it handles allegations of human rights abuses by the military, as well as other oversight measures. Calderon and others had opposed those restrictions, saying they intruded on Mexico's sovereignty. The package does not include cash and will not allow U.S. soldiers to operate in Mexico.

Mexico's economic fortunes used to be tied to the price of oil. But with the signing of the North American Free-Trade Agreement in 1992, the economy became inextricably linked to the U.S. economy--more than 80% of the country's exports go to its northern neighbor. So, when that slowed in 2001, Mexico suffered two years of stagnation. Growth has returned, and the country is better prepared to ride out America's economic troubles; its banks in particular have been faring quite well in the past year.

Nevertheless, Mexico is still in need of major economic reform. Fox tried but mostly failed to overhaul the inadequate tax system. Calderon has leaped into the minefield of fiscal reform with plans to expand the tax base and reduce spending. However, international financial analysts believe the government must work harder to make Mexico more competitive.

The looming threat of rising inflation, led by food prices, seems ready to hobble reform exactly when it is most needed. Poverty, low wages and underemployment also remain major problems and contribute to the rising crime rate. With the U.S. economy faltering in the first half of 2008, Mexico's growth in gross domestic product is expected to slow to 2.3% in 2008, before recovering gradually to 2.5% in 2009.

Domestic terrorism

Two bombs exploded in the popular tourist area of Zona Rosa in Mexico City in February 2008. One death and several injuries resulted. No one immediately claimed responsibility for the attack, but police said they suspected powerful, violent drug cartels or a leftist rebel group called Popular Revolutionary Army, which had launched attacks on oil facilities in 2007.

Rebel insurgencies

Unrest in the states of Chiapas and Guerrero require that travelers exercise caution there. Also, Zapatistas rebels and armed civilian groups are active in some areas of Chiapas. Tensions and violence ebb and flow in the mountain highlands north of San Cristobal de Las Casas, the municipality of Ocosingo and the entire southeastern jungle portion of the state east of Comitan. Furthermore, some segments of the local population openly express their resentment of the presence of visitors.

Two insurgent groups, the Popular Revolutionary Army and the Insurgent People's Revolutionary Army, operate in the states of Guerrero and Oaxaca. They have attacked police and military targets and have kidnapped civilians in the past. There is no evidence that foreign nationals have been specifically targeted. Nonetheless, travelers may encounter military roadblocks, so be prepared to show identification and allow vehicles to be searched. Army, police and immigration roadblocks are most common in the states of Chiapas, Guerrero and Oaxaca.

Border and regional issues

The U.S. border with Mexico is a crossing point for illegal immigrants into the U.S., and possibly for international terrorists seeking easy access to the U.S. The Arizona-Mexico border is considered most vulnerable to those wishing to cross, but crossings can occur anywhere along the border. Although most illegal immigrants are not dangerous, caution should be exercised in border areas.

Gang violence has become an increasing problem in border areas as competing gangs move undocumented Central Americans into the U.S. Violence claimed the lives of dozens of people in Tijuana city in late September and early October 2008.

Civil unrest

Strikes and demonstrations occur with some frequency. While usually peaceful, such events can result in violent, even deadly confrontations between civilians and police. It's illegal for foreigners to conduct political activities, so move away from demonstrations in order to avoid giving the appearance of breaking the law.

In Mexico City, demonstrations frequently snarl traffic around the city's primary avenue, Paseo de la Reforma.

Avoid large public gatherings and plan routes around any rallies or demonstrations. Government buildings, such as police stations, and businesses with foreign affiliations can provide a focus for anger and should be avoided. Remain alert to your surroundings and maintain a low profile--don't do, say or wear anything that would call undue attention to yourself. If violence breaks out, quickly but calmly move away and seek shelter in a hotel or large public building, such as a museum or library. Traffic and public transport may be disrupted; plan alternate routes you can use if roads are closed or blocked, and allow extra time for any travel in the area. If you encounter a roadblock or barricade erected by either demonstrators or security forces, be patient and avoid provoking a confrontation.

Institutional corruption

Corruption exists at all levels of government, including the military, state and federal police, and public prosecutors.

Human-rights abuses

Although the picture in Mexico is improving slowly, human-rights organizations remain critical and have said that the criminal justice system continues to be plagued by human-rights problems. Those under arrest or imprisoned have continued to face torture and ill-treatment. Law enforcement officials often neglect to investigate and prosecute those responsible for human-rights violations.

Of continuing concern are the levels of police violence and impunity, very poor and crowded prison conditions, violence toward indigenous communities, particularly in Chiapas and Oaxaca, and the treatment of street children.

Mexico lacks adequate legal protections for women and girls against violence and sexual abuse. Rights groups have expressed concern about violence against women, especially in Ciudad Juarez, where several hundred women have been killed in recent years. Amnesty International charges that journalists and victims' families campaigning for more comprehensive investigations of the deaths have been harassed.

Violent drug cartels are a hazard to journalists, particularly in the north of the country. Mexico is reported to be one of the most dangerous places in the hemisphere in which to work as a journalist.

Additional information

It's illegal to be intoxicated in public in Mexico.

Travelers must have a permit, secured in advance from the Mexican Embassy or a Mexican Consulate, to take a firearm or ammunition into Mexico. Before traveling, mariners who have obtained firearms permits should contact Mexican port officials to receive guidance on the specific procedures used to report and secure weapons and ammunition.

Crime in Mexico continues at high levels and is widespread. It's also increasingly violent, especially in Mexico City, Tijuana, Nuevo Laredo and Ciudad Juarez. Recent reports indicate that Monterrey and San Pedro Garza Garcia, formerly regarded as tranquil, are experiencing a surge in kidnappings, rapes and other violent crime. Contributing to high crime rates are the relatively low rates of apprehension and conviction of criminals. Avoid isolated areas such as beaches and hiking trails at night.

Criminals generally select victims who present the appearance of being vulnerable, affluent and inattentive to their surroundings. Many criminals are armed with firearms or bladed weapons. Some criminals may be armed with assault-type automatic weapons.

Auto theft is a major problem, as is theft of vehicle parts and valuables kept in view inside vehicles.

Petty crime

Street crime is reported to be increasing. Keep a close watch on briefcases and other luggage even when in locations that seem secure, such as the lobby of your hotel. Thefts of briefcases and laptop computers have been reported at Benito Juarez International Airport.

It's safer to use an ATM that's inside a store, bank, hotel or airport than a kiosk out on the street. Try to visit ATMs during daylight hours only. If you must go at night, try not to go alone. Be aware of your surroundings as you approach the machine--if the situation looks suspicious or doesn't feel safe, go to another ATM or come back later. Memorize your PIN, and don't write it down anywhere, especially on your ATM card. Be sure no one can see you enter your PIN, and be aware of the practice of using camera phones to capture PINs. Put your money away before leaving the machine, and take any receipts with you. Never allow someone you don't know to "assist" you with the machine.

Violent crime

Armed robbery is a serious problem in all major cities, and there have been many cases of robberies committed by or in collusion with real or bogus taxi drivers. Use hotel safes to keep your valuables safe, avoid wearing obviously expensive jewelry or designer clothing, and carry only the cash or credit cards that will be needed on each outing. Avoid openly discussing financial or business affairs, as well as your travel plans.

Armed banditry and violent confrontations on the roads of Mexico continue. Passenger buses have been targeted on the roads leading from Mexico City to Guadalajara and Cuernavaca. Routes where banditry is reported increasing include Mexican Highway 200; Highways 1, 2 and 15 in Sinaloa; Highway 40 between Durango and the Pacific coast; and Highway 57 in Oaxaca State.

Whenever possible, use cuota (toll) roads rather than the less secure libre (free) highways. In May 2007, unknown gunmen armed with assault rifles shot dead six family members, including three children, and injured three other relatives as they drove down a country road south of Mexico City. Police said the attack may have been connected to drug trafficking.

Women traveling alone should be vigilant, as the incidence of sexual assault is rising. Rapes have occurred on urban minibuses south of Mexico City as well as in resort areas. Most rapes occur in the late evening or early morning hours, and can occur near hotels. Do not travel alone if possible. Sexual assaults occurring in taxis have become more frequent. Women should never take a taxi alone, or get into a taxi with strangers.

To reduce the risk of sexual assault, it's important to remain aware of your surroundings and the people around you--if a place or situation doesn't feel safe, leave. Keep your wits about you and don't dull your senses with alcohol or drugs. Don't walk alone in deserted areas, especially after dark. Park your car in well-lit areas. Do not enter a taxi that contains other passengers and do not allow your driver to pick up additional passengers. Don't accept food or drinks from strangers--they could be drugged. Never pick up hitchhikers or accept a ride from a stranger. Ask a female employee at your hotel what neighborhoods to avoid. In your hotel, do not give clues to your gender or vulnerability by leaving food trays outside your door. Check with the hotel to verify the identity of employees who come to your room. Do not enter your room if anyone is loitering nearby in the hall.

In areas where there's crime related to the use of taxis, never hail a cab or accept a ride in a taxi that is unmarked or seems to be cruising for business. Instead, phone a taxi and book it in advance. Check that the taxi that arrives is the one you booked--make the driver say in what name the reservation was made. Don't get in a cab that already contains other passengers. If the cab doesn't have a meter, agree on a fare before getting in. If it does have a meter, make sure the driver has it turned on. If at any time you begin to feel uncomfortable, ask to be let out in a well-lighted area where there are other people around.

Kidnapping

Mexico has surpassed Colombia as the country with the world's highest rate of kidnappings. Several kidnappings occur every day in the country. However, estimates suggest that only one-in-five kidnappings are reported. Most victims are Mexican nationals, although the occasional foreigner is kidnapped--five South Korean tourists were abducted in July 2008, then released a short time later. Reports of police involvement in abductions are common. Some estimate that as many as 50% of all kidnappings involve current or former police officers.

So-called "express" kidnappings--attempts to get quick cash in exchange for the release of an individual--target not only the wealthy, but also middle-class people and foreign travelers. Criminals know that cash advances are available on some credit cards and may not believe that their victim doesn't know the PIN code for obtaining cash with the card.

"Virtual kidnappings," in which a criminal telephones family members or colleagues claiming to have abducted someone and demanding a ransom payment, also have been reported. Such calls often originate with prison inmates using smuggled cell phones. Advise relatives and co-workers to be skeptical if they receive such a call, and be sure to leave contact information with someone at home.

Kidnappings have been reported in all large Mexican cities and also in resort communities such as Acapulco. In May 2008, gunmen nabbed seven tourists on their way to Acapulco, despite the fact that they were traveling on a heavily patrolled highway.

In December 2007, a Chinese businessman was kidnapped near Tijuana and murdered shortly afterward--a ransom reportedly had not been paid. In October 2007, kidnappers disguised as federal agents abducted 18 people from Pueblo Viejo. Thirteen were released, but the kidnappers are still at large and the fate of the missing five abductees is unknown.

In areas where kidnapping is a threat, it's important to maintain a low profile and don't let your actions or movements become predictable. Don't do, say or wear anything that draws attention to yourself or your nationality. Don't discuss travel plans or financial matters in public. Try to vary your route for any routine travel, and don't depart for or return from work or appointments at the same time every day. If you think you're being followed or surveilled, go to a police station, your embassy or another public place, such as a hotel or museum, and seek assistance.

White-collar crime

Crimes committed in connection with ATMs are common. If an ATM must be used, it should be accessed only during the business day at a large, protected facility, preferably inside a commercial establishment. Because of theft, skimming and the danger of "express" kidnapping, credit and debit cards should be used with the utmost caution--better yet, leave them at home.

Organized crime

Local authorities in April 2008 reported that thousands of young men in Mexico had become active in Mara-style gangs modeled after the brutal criminal organizations in Central America.

Drug-related crime

Drug-trafficking and drug-related crime is a serious concern in Mexico, with powerful cartels battling each other and the police for control of lucrative smuggling and distribution routes. Drug-related violence can occur almost anywhere in the country. While foreign visitors are not specifically targeted, Mexican and foreign bystanders have been injured or killed in some violent attacks. Heightened awareness of your surroundings and situations is advised.

A drug-related gunbattle occurred on the federal highway connecting Durango with the neighboring state of Zacatecas in May 2008. The shootout left eight people dead.

Baja California was Mexico's most violent state in 2007 with more than 400 mostly drug-related murders. In January 2008 President Calderon sent in more than 3,000 soldiers to the border city of Tijuana as part of a nationwide crackdown on drug trafficking and gang violence. During the same month the bodies of six kidnap victims were recovered from a house in the city, following a three-hour shootout between gunmen and soldiers--all had been killed by a shot to the head.

The violence has continued despite efforts to crack down. In late June 2008, 17 people were killed in a wave of weekend violence in Ciudad Juarez. Among the incidents reported was a brazen attack that left three men dead when assailants armed with assault rifles fired on a children's party. In April 2008 more than a dozen people were killed and several others were wounded in a series of shootouts involving drug-cartel gunmen in Tijuana. By mid August 2008, drug-related murders had already exceeded the previous year's total--2,682 people across Mexico had been killed since the start of the year, compared to 2,673 in 2007.

The escalation in violence also has led to tragic misunderstandings. In June 2007 soldiers opened fire on a pickup truck that refused to stop at a roadblock in Sinaloa state, killing two women and three children--the state is also home to many the country's drug cartel leaders.

Drug gangs have fought bloody turf battles in Acapulco in recent years, and the city has seen a series of killings, gunbattles and beheadings. In April 2007, blasts from two fragmentation grenades injured a Mexican tourist and a police officer in the nearby resort of Zihuatanejo. The grenades were tossed at the municipal police station and at an office of federal anti-drug police.

Police effectiveness

Travelers have been victims of harassment, mistreatment and extortion by Mexican law enforcement and other officials. Official corruption, especially among the police, is a serious problem. Extortion by police officers reportedly has been increasing in Cancun, a popular tourist destination. There have been cases of theft, extortion and sexual assaults being committed by individuals who may be posing as police officers.

Avoid any behavior that might bring you into an encounter with officials. If you do become involved with police, make note of the officer's name, badge number and patrol car number in the event you need to pursue a complaint. Rather than handing over money or your passport, offer to go to the nearest police station (Agencia del Ministerio Publico). If you are arrested, immediately contact the nearest consulate of your home country.

Bribes
Be patient and civil and avoid provoking a confrontation with any official you encounter. Try to deal only with the person who seems to be in charge. If you're accused of some misdeed, ask if you can pay the "fine" on the spot. Overtly offering a bribe could make your situation worse. Instead, offer to make a "donation" to the official's organization for fuel, expenses or other needs.

Additional information

Don't hitchhike or accept rides from strangers anywhere in Mexico.

Mexico City is easily one of the most dangerous cities in the world. The most frequently reported crimes in Mexico City involving travelers are taxi robbery, armed robbery, pickpocketing and purse snatching. In several cases, travelers have reported that men in uniforms perpetrated the crimes, stopping vehicles and seeking money. Areas of greatest concern include Colonia del Valle, Colonia Centro and Iztapalapa, as well as the Zona Rosa. No area of the city, however, is free from crime.

Mexico City's public transportation systems present prime opportunities for criminals. If riding the Metro, hold valuables and belongings tightly, and avoid using the Metro during busy commuting hours in the morning or afternoon.

Robbery and assaults on passengers in taxis are frequent and violent, with passengers subjected to beatings, shootings and sexual assault. Avoid taking any taxi not summoned by telephone or contacted in advance at the airport. When in need of a taxi, telephone a sitio (radio taxi) and ask the dispatcher for the driver's name and the cab's license plate number. Ask the hotel concierge or other responsible individual to write down the license plate number of the cab you enter.

Passengers arriving at Mexico City's Benito Juarez International Airport should take only airport taxis (which are yellow, with an airport symbol on the door) after pre-paying the fare at one of the booths inside the airport. Avoid taking taxis parked outside the Bellas Artes Theater, waiting in front of nightclubs or restaurants, or cruising throughout the city.

City buses should be avoided. Pickpocketing is a common occurrence on buses, particularly at rush hour. Luggage may be rifled on longer bus trips while passengers are asleep or otherwise distracted.

Avoid driving alone at night anywhere in Mexico City.

Border cities: Drug-related crime has been growing steadily in Tijuana, Nogales, Nuevo Laredo, Matamoros and Cuidad Juarez.

In Ciudad Juarez, Nuevo Laredo and Tijuana, drug-related shootings have taken place at busy intersections, on principal thoroughfares and outside popular restaurants and other public places during daylight hours. In some cases, innocent bystanders have been killed or injured. Visitors are particularly vulnerable in "red-light districts," especially if they're alone late at night.

Nuevo Laredo and other cities in Tamaulipas state have been the site of a wave of violence attributed by authorities to cocaine traffickers and kidnappers. Northern Mexico has been racked by burgeoning violent crime, most of it again blamed by authorities on feuding bands of drug traffickers.

Beach and tourist resorts: There has been a significant increase in the number of rapes reported in Cancun and at other beach resorts. Attacks have occurred on deserted beaches and in hotel rooms, typically at night or in the early morning hours.

Acquaintance rape is a serious problem. In some cases, hotel workers and taxi drivers have been implicated. Thefts from hotel rooms have been reported in the resort areas. Public transportation is a popular venue for pickpockets, and there has been a rise in thefts of gear from Mexican marinas.

Violence on the part of drug gangs has increased dramatically in Acapulco in recent years and has begun to impact visitors to the city. In February 2007, two Canadian tourists were struck by stray bullets during a drive-by shooting outside their hotel. Cancun has been affected, as well, with police in March 2008 confiscating a large cache of automatic weapons and grenades right on the resort city's hotel strip.

Individuals who are intoxicated may be at greater risk from criminal activity. Some bars and nightclubs, especially in resort cities such as Cancun, Cabo San Lucas, Mazatlan and Acapulco, are a haven for drug dealers and petty criminals. Some establishments may contaminate or drug drinks to gain control over patrons. Victims, who are almost always unaccompanied, have been raped, robbed of personal property or abducted, and then held while their credit cards were used at various businesses and ATMs.

Local authorities have reported an increase in armed robberies in northern Sinaloa, especially near the fishing resorts.

Monterrey: In recent years, violent crimes associated with drug trafficking have increased dramatically. Incidents primarily have targeted members of drug gangs and law-enforcement officials, but foreign visitors have become victims simply by being in the wrong place at the wrong time. Avoid traveling to or from Monterrey at night via Nuevo Laredo, Reynosa or Matamoros.

Spanning a large area with two coasts, Mexico is subject to a number of natural hazards.

Earthquakes

Mexico is located in an active seismic zone and is regularly subject to earthquakes. Some of these may be serious.

A 6.5-magnitude quake struck southern Mexico (near Oaxaca) in February 2008. Though felt over a wide area, no injuries or damages were reported.

Earthquakes usually occur with little or no warning and often are followed by aftershocks of varying intensities. If you are in a place where you can do so, turn off power, gas and water when an earthquake occurs. Contrary to popular wisdom, doorways offer little protection--in fact, you could be injured if the door slams into you. Instead, move away from windows, glass doors and unsecured heavy objects that could tip over. Seek cover under a sturdy piece of furniture and/or hold on to furniture for balance. If in bed when the temblor occurs, stay there and cover yourself with bedding. Don't run outside if you are inside--the danger of falling debris is greater outside a building. Following the earthquake, wear protective shoes, check for damage to services and be prepared for aftershocks. In areas prone to earthquakes, keep a battery-operated radio and one or more flashlights, along with extra batteries, handy.

Flooding

Flooding can occur after heavy rains and can cause dangerous mudslides in populated areas.

After torrential rains in October 2007, more than 1 million people living along the banks of the Grijalva and La Sierra rivers in southeastern Tabasco State were affected by flooding with hundreds of thousands of people trapped in or forced to leave their homes. President Calderon said the flooding was the worst for 50 years and described the situation as "one of the worst natural disasters in the history of the country." Although few deaths were reported, some 70% of the state was reportedly under water. Bordering Chiapas state was also affected by serious flooding and landslides that displaced hundreds of people.

Northern Veracruz state was subject to serious flooding in September 2007. At least 50,000 people were forced from their homes by flooding from the Panuco River and its tributaries.

Hurricanes, cyclones and typhoons

Mexico is subject to tropical storms and hurricanes on both coasts. The season is generally June-November. Storms can cross the Yucatan or Baja peninsulas and make landfall again on the mainland.

Hurricane Dean made landfall near the Belize-Mexico border in August 2007, then crossed the Bay of Campeche to strike again along the coast of Veracruz State. The Category 5 storm was among the most powerful Atlantic hurricanes on record and resulted in at least eight deaths in Mexico. Transportation routes, power and telecommunications systems were affected.

Hurricanes, cyclones and typhoons may begin disrupting transportation, especially air travel, days in advance of landfall. Those planning travel to an area a tropical system is approaching should keep in close contact with their airline to monitor flight status. These storms can destroy everything in their path, and a single storm can kill scores of people. Take frequent note of storm advisories to monitor the approach of the storm so that you have plenty of time to evacuate--note that roads may be blocked by flooding, cutting off your escape, long before the storm itself arrives in your area. Contact local emergency services for the nearest evacuation center. Ensure your car is in good working condition and has a full tank of fuel. If you are evacuating, beware of flooding, downed power lines, and ruptured gas pipes. Drive carefully as roads may be filled with debris. Note that snakes and other wildlife may be present on streets and paths. Don't be lulled by the relative calm if the eye of the storm passes over your area--the storm will resume again as the eye moves on.

Tornadoes

Tornadoes are extremely rare in Mexico, but can occur in border areas. Small, relatively harmless "dust devils" may form in desert areas.

Volcanoes

Mexico is located on the Pacific "Ring of Fire" and is home to some active volcanoes.

The Colima volcano, also known as the Volcano of Fire, is located about 310 mi/500 km west of Mexico City. It's considered to be the country's most dangerous volcano.

The Popocatepetl volcano, approximately 45 mi/72 km southeast of Mexico City, experienced a series of eruptions in December 2007. There is a 7-mi/11-km danger zone around each volcano, and public access to those areas is prohibited. Travelers visiting these areas should exercise caution and remain alert for warnings. There are three alert stages: green, yellow and red. The current alert level is yellow.

Visitors to areas prone to volcanic activity should be prepared to evacuate if the volcano erupts without warning. Avoid areas downwind of the volcano in order to limit exposure to falling ash and/or toxic gases. Goggles can protect your eyes; use a dust-mask or damp cloth to aid your breathing. If you are caught indoors by an eruption, close all windows, doors and dampers. Outdoors, seek shelter in a building. Avoid low-lying areas where poisonous fumes can collect and flash floods or mudflows can be hazards. Do not drive in areas affected by ashfall. Keep battery-operated light sources handy--power may be disrupted, and clouds of ash can block the sun and create darkness even during the day.

Currents and tides

Take black warning flags on beaches seriously. Riptides, rough surf and strong undertow can pose hazards in many areas frequented by tourists.

Avoid unpatrolled and unmarked beaches, and never swim alone. Alcohol is a common contributor to drowning deaths because it lowers body temperature and can reduce swimming ability, as well as impairing judgment. If caught in a rip current, swim parallel to the shore until the current eases and you can swim back to land. Always use a lifejacket or personal flotation device when boating or sailing.

Animals

Much of Mexico has been colonized by Africanized honeybees, which are known for their highly aggressive nature. If disturbed they often attack in large numbers. Vibrations, such as those from vehicles and lawnmowers, can provoke the bees to attack. Avoid any bee swarms or other colonies you may encounter.

Scorpions can be a hazard in some desert areas. Most scorpions deliver a painful sting, but few species are deadly unless the victim is allergic. Scorpions move about at night and seek dark places to hide during the day, so shake out clothing before putting it on and knock your shoes on the floor to empty out a scorpion that might have crawled in. Check bedclothes at night before getting into bed.

Venomous snakes, including rattlesnakes and coral snakes, may be encountered in some areas.

The Gila monster is the only known venomous lizard in the world and is found in northwestern Mexico. It is rarely encountered, but its bite is dangerous.

Sharks have been spotted off beaches in Mexico, and sightings may occasionally cause beach closures. In May 2008, port officials in Zihuatanejo, a major tourist destination on Mexico's Pacific coast, killed 11 sharks after a U.S. tourist died following a shark attack.

Sharks do not normally attack humans, and when they do, it is often because they have mistaken the human for another prey animal, such as a seal. To avoid a shark attack, swim or dive with a group. Avoid swimming during hours of darkness or twilight, in fog, or in murky waters. Avoid swimming in the vicinity of sea lions, harbor seals or elephant seals. Avoid swimming near the mouths of rivers where sharks hunt for fish. When diving, minimize time spent at the surface. Wearing a wetsuit and fins or lying on a surfboard creates the silhouette of a seal to a shark below you. Shallow water is not a deterrent to sharks; attacks have occurred in less than 5 ft/1.5 m of water. Sharks have good eyesight and will be attracted to shiny or colorful apparel. If a shark attacks, strike at its eyes or gills with anything you can, making hard, repeated jabs. A shark's nose is not as sensitive as its eyes and gills, so only strike the nose if you can't reach more sensitive areas.

Desert conditions

Mexico's varied landscapes include desert areas, where extremes of temperature are common and water is scarce. Take precautions when traveling in desert areas.

Preparedness can mean the difference between adventure and disaster in the desert. While planning your trip, make sure someone responsible knows when and where you will be going and when you will be back. Stick to your schedule, and let your contact know when you return.

Carry a compass and a Global Positioning System device, and take appropriate maps, especially those that show land contours and specific features. Carry a fully charged cell phone and a spare battery, but don't count on a cell phone alone: Many desert locations are outside cell-phone range. Travel with a companion, if at all possible. Carry clothing appropriate for hot sun and for cold. Desert temperatures can vary greatly from night to day.

Drinking water is essential even for the shortest trips: One gallon for each person each day is the absolute minimum. Make sure your vehicle is in good working order before your trip. Desert conditions put stress on vehicle systems. In addition, desert and mountainous regions often don't feature service stations or repair facilities. Get a full-service tune-up (including coolant check and oil change) at least a week before your trip.

Desert roads and temperatures can be hard on tires--make sure yours are in good shape and inflated properly, including the spare(s). Check that your jack and tire tools are in good condition. Sharp rocks could damage more than one tire, so it's wise to carry an extra spare. In case your tires get stuck in soft sand, carry two wide strips of lightweight metal mesh (often called "hardware cloth") to place under the tires for traction. If your vehicle breaks down, stay with it, as it is much more visible by air than someone on foot.

Be sure you are properly supplied before venturing into desert terrain. At the least, you should have the following:

• Drinking water (1 gallon per person per day is the absolute minimum)
• Basic auto repair tools
• Cell phone and spare battery
• First aid kit
• Emergency food
• Appropriate clothing for heat and cold
• Compass, signal mirror and whistle
• Topographic maps
• Global Positioning System device and extra batteries
• Flashlight and spare batteries
• Sunscreen
• Two strips of wire mesh (hardware cloth) in case tires sink in sand

Staying cool and hydrated are the keys to avoiding heat-related illnesses such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Dress for the weather, in lightweight, light-colored clothing. Drink plenty of water or juice, but avoid alcohol and caffeinated drinks. Stay indoors in air conditioning as much as possible. If you must go outdoors, avoid strenuous activity. Eat more often and limit yourself to small meals that are low in protein.

Additional information

Those who wish to climb Pico de Orizaba in Veracruz should note that recent summer droughts have melted much of the snow, making the Jamapa glacier extremely slick and dangerous. For safety's sake, consider hiring an experienced guide before attempting the ascent.

Health facilities in Mexico City are excellent, but care in more remote areas is limited. Standards of medical training, patient care and business practices vary greatly among the medical facilities in beach resorts throughout Mexico. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash payment for health services.

You may suffer symptoms of altitude sickness in Mexico City, including lack of energy, shortness of breath or headaches. Allow for a short period of adjustment to the high altitude. Air pollution in the capital could cause problems for visitors with pre-existing respiratory or circulatory conditions.

It is advisable to drink only bottled water and avoid tap water, including ice made from tap water. Avoid eating fruit or other produce washed in tap water. Food and drink from street vendors may not be safe.

Diseases

Take precautions against mosquito bites, as West Nile virus, dengue fever and malaria are present in low-lying areas, especially during the rainy season.

Mosquitoes carry many serious illnesses, including dengue fever, malaria and West Nile virus. To prevent bites and avoid infection, reduce the amount of exposed skin by wearing long sleeves, long pants, socks and shoes when you're outdoors. Use insect repellent containing deet on exposed skin. Avoid outdoor activities from dusk to dawn, the time when mosquitoes are most active.

Additional information

The Coatzacoalcos, the longest river in eastern Mexico, flows from the Niltepec Mountaints of Oaxaca and empties into the Gulf of Mexico in southern Veracruz. The river is home to a massive complex of oil refineries, pipelines and petrochemical plants and is severely polluted. Large fish kills attributed to chemical pollution occur in the river periodically.

Traffic accidents are a significant cause of deaths and injuries to visitors. Avoid excessive speed and, if possible, do not drive at night. Livestock can appear on roads at any time. Construction sites, abandoned vehicles or other obstacles are often poorly marked or not indicated at all. Be prepared for sudden stops. Potholes, which frequently damage the vehicles driving into them, are a particular problem in Mexico City.

Keep doors locked and windows rolled up at all times while driving in Mexico.

Public transportation

Roving libre taxis, especially the green and white Volkswagen taxis, have been implicated in a large number of armed robberies and some kidnappings. Use sitio taxis with license plates that begin with "S," as they are generally considered safer. Use only licensed prepaid taxis at the airport.

All bus travel should be during daylight hours and on first-class conveyances. Although there have been several reports of bus hijackings and robberies on cuota (toll) roads, buses on such roads have a markedly lower rate of incidents than buses that travel the less-secure libre (free) highways. Use caution when traveling by bus in the area north of the border between the states of Oaxaca and Guerrero. Armed robberies of entire busloads of passengers have been reported.

Bus accidents are common and often deadly. Poor driving skills, bad road conditions and improperly maintained vehicles contribute to the problem.

In June 2008, more than a dozen people were killed and 28 injured when a truck slammed into two passenger buses in Chihuahua. In April 2007, at least 24 people died and more than a dozen were injured when a passenger bus caught fire after crashing into a truck near the border city of Ciudad Juarez in Chihuahua state.

Air travel

Increased security measures mean passengers on international airline flights should check in at least three hours before the scheduled departure, especially if traveling from Mexico to the U.S.

Additional information

If you are involved in an accident, you will be taken into police custody until it can be determined who is responsible and whether you have the ability to pay any penalty. If you do not have Mexican liability insurance, you may be prevented from departing the country even if you require life-saving medical care, and you are almost certain to spend some time in jail until all parties are satisfied that responsibility has been assigned and adequate financial satisfaction received. Vehicle insurance is considered invalid in Mexico if the driver is found to be under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Drivers also may face criminal charges if the injuries or damages are serious.

Driving in Mexico City and parts of the state of Mexico is time-restricted according to the last digit of the vehicle's license number. The restrictions apply to all vehicles, including rental cars, and violation may result in confiscation of the vehicle. Check with the rental agency or local authorities to find out what days you can drive.

Tourist facilities in a wide range of quality are available throughout Mexico.

Exercise caution when engaging in water sports (including scuba diving) at beach resorts, as operators often are untrained, unskilled and uninsured, and equipment often has not been well maintained. Exercise caution in selecting an operator for a fishing or sightseeing tour by boat--find out whether the operator and the boat are registered with the local port authority, and note whether the boat is in good condition and carries safety equipment.

No matter how safe you perceive a destination to be, it's important to use good judgment.

• Pay attention to local media.
• Avoid open displays of wealth, jewelry or other valuables. Safeguard travel documents such as passports and airline tickets.
• Avoid confrontations with locals.
• Avoid demonstrations and protests, especially if they appear political in nature.
• Don't permit people you don't know to enter your accommodations. Keep your door locked. Don't leave valuables in your room unless they can be locked in a safe.
• Avoid illegal drugs, and don't drink alcohol if its use is prohibited. Even if drinking is legal, don't overindulge.
• Be cautious of unsolicited offers of assistance from strangers.

In recent years, political terrorism has become a global phenomenon - an attack could occur with little warning anywhere in the world, even in destinations long regarded as safe. Travelers should keep themselves informed of developments that could affect their safety, no matter what their destination.